Integument and sensory nerve differentiation ofDrosophila leg and wing imaginal discs in vitro

Summary An ultrastructural analysis is presented of the cuticular and neural structures formed by the prothoracic leg and wing imaginal discs of maleDrosophila melanogaster larvae during culture in vitro with 0.2 g/ml of -ecdysone. A pupal cuticle, and subsequently an imaginal cuticle with a well-defined epicuticle and a laminated endocuticle is formed. The ultrastructure of the epidermis and of cuticular structures such as bristles, trichomes, apodemes, and tracheoles is very similar to that found in situ. Dendrites and nerve cell bodies are formed in vitro, and sensory axons form nerve bundles similar to those of normal appendages in situ, despite their isolation from the central nervous system. It is concluded that at the ultrastructural level, differentiation in vitro closely parallels the normal course of development.     

Indole alkaloid biosynthesis: Partial purification of “ajmalicine synthetase” from Catharanthus roseus

The “ajmalicine synthetase” system of $\text{Catharanthus roseus}$ has been partially purified from callus, seedlings and mature plants. On gel filtration of the cell-free extract, four β-D-glucosidase isozymes were observed in seedlings and plants. Only two were present in the callus. A protein peak at 55,000 daltons in all three materials was capable of synthesizing ajmalicine from tryptamine and secologanin in the presence of NADPH. This “ajmalicine synthetase” rapidly lost its ability to synthsize ajmalicine, but retained the β-glucosidase activity.     

The nuclear matrix: Three-dimensional architecture and protein composition

The structural filament network of the nucleus is prepared while still connected to the cytoskeleton. The relatively gentle procedure removes about 98% of the DNA and at least 86% of the histones. The matrix is bounded by an outer nuclear lamina connected to the cytoskeletal framework, as well as the inner filaments. The filaments range in diameter from 3 to 22 nm, and are organized in a three-dimensional anastomosing network in which nucleoli are enmeshed. The nuclear matrix is separated from the cytoskeletal framework by a double detergent and then partitioned into a chromatin fraction and a matrix fraction by nuclease and high salt. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis shows that the proteins of the cytoskeleton, chromatin and nuclear matrix are very different. A major protein found in all fractions cofocuses with actin. Vimentin is largely associated with the nuclear matrix, probably as a corona external of filaments.     

Enzymatic formation of the bisfuran structure in aflatoxin biosynthesis.

A relatively stable enzyme system that converts versiconal hemiacetal acetate to versicolorin A was isolated from the soluble fraction of the homogenized cells of Aspergillus parasiticus ATCC 15517. The cell-free preparation did not require oxygen or oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate for activity, nor did it require dithiothreitol, polyclar (polyvinyl pyrrolidone), or glycerol for stabilization of activity. It was susceptible to inhibition by dichlorvos and cysteine. Isotope tracer studies revealed involvement of several intermediates in the conversion of versiconal hemiacetal acetate to versicolorin A. These findings confirm the biogenetic relationship of versiconal hemiacetal acetate and versicolorin A, and they confirm that the bisfuran ring structure in aflatoxins and related fungal metabolites is derived from the hemiacetal structure of versiconal hemiacetal acetate.     

A spin label study of immobilized enzyme spectral subpopulations

Electron spin resonance (ESR) spin label studies have been carried out to examine the active site conformation of alpha-chymotrypsin before and after immobilization on two types of organic polymer supports: Amberlite XAD-8 and XAD-2. alpha-Chymotryspin was first chemically modified by reaction with methyl-4-phenylbutyrimidate and then inhibited by the active site spin label 4-(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-piperdine-1-oxyl)-m-flurosulfonylbenzamide. In general, the ESR spectra of the active site lable revealed no significant changes in conformation for most of the enzyme before or after derivatization. On the other hand, two spectral subpopulations (A and B) of spin-labeled enzyme were characterized on the basis of their ESR spectra after immobilization on Amberlite XAD-8. Spectral subpopulation A (distinguished by a highly restrained spectrum) appeared to retain its active site structure and conformation and represented a large majority of the labeled chymotrypsin on the beads. Its presence correlated with the high activity and stability of phenylbutyramidinated chymotryspin on the Amberlite XAD-8 beads. Spectral subpopulation B (distinguished by a very weakly constrained spectrum) appeared to reflect loosely bound or denatured enzyme which was removable upon washing with 40% (v/v) ethylene glycol. Two methods for examining solvent accessibility to the active site lable of the kinetics of ascorbate reduction suggested that both spectral subpopulations had identical accessibilities to the bulk solvent. Paramagnetic broadening of the signal by K(3)Fe(CN)(6) revealed differences in the spin-spin broadening of the A and B components but is deemed and inappropriate indicator of solvent accessibility.     

In vivo inhibition of megakaryocyte and platelet production by platelet factor 4 in mice.

The in vivo effect of human platelet factor 4 (PF4) on murine megakaryocytopoiesis and thrombopoiesis was studied. Administration of PF4 induced a dose-dependent decrease in the numbers of megakaryocytes and their progenitor cells (CFU-MK), continuing for 1 week after the injection. However, the size of megakaryocytes and their colonies was not changed following PF4 injection. Platelet levels were significantly decreased at days 3-4. The number of CFU-GM was decreased at days 1-2. White blood cells and hemoglobin were unaffected by PF4. These data indicate that PF4 inhibits megakaryocyte and platelet production in vivo by acting on the early stage of megakaryocyte development.     

Proteolytic processing in a non-lysosomal compartment is required for transcytosis of protein-polylysine conjugates in cultured Madin-Darby canine kidney cells

The transcytosis of horseradish peroxidase, as well as its poly(L-lys) and poly(D-lys) thioether conjugates, was investigated in Strain I Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cell monolayers grown on 0.4 microns pore size polycarbonate membranes in Costar Transwells. The 3 types of HRP had almost identical rates of transport during the first 2 hr of incubation. However, a significant increase of basal-to-apical transport was detected beginning at 3 hr only in Transwells containing the poly(L-lys) conjugate. This increase was inhibited by colchicine (2 microM) and by the Bowman-Birk protease inhibitor (0.1 mg/ml), but not by NH4Cl (10 mM) or chloroquine (0.1 mM). The increase was abolished either by prior trypsinization of the conjugate or by incubation at 4 degrees C. Ultrafiltration studies indicated that the transcytosed poly(L-lys) conjugate was smaller in size than the original conjugate. These results indicate that the conjugate was processed during transcytosis in a non-lysosomal proteolytic compartment, where its poly(L-lys) moiety was selectively degraded, allowing active peroxidase to be released into the apical medium.     

Study of a possible structural relationship between thymopoietin and the facteur thymique serique

Background peptide chemistry, and the known 49-amino acid sequence of thymopoietin and the known 9-amino acid sequence of the facteur thymique serique (FTS) allowed the concept that Arg⁴⁹ of thymopoietin might be linked to Gln¹ of FTS in a new 58-amino acid peptide in tissue. Cleavage between Arg⁴⁹ and Gln⁵⁰ adjacent to the unique Lys⁴⁸-Arg⁴⁹ moiety could liberate thymopoietin and the [H-Gln¹]-FTS which could cyclize to FTS by the known reaction. In support of, rather than negating, this concept, synthetic FTS and the new dodecapeptide consisting of Val-Lys-Arg linked to the N-terminal of [H-Gln¹]-FTS showed comparable immune stimulating activity, $\text{in vivo}$; both peptides appeared more active than synthetic thymopoietin II.     

Modeling influenza seasonality in the tropics and subtropics

Climate drivers such as humidity and temperature may play a key role in influenza seasonal transmission dynamics. Such a relationship has been well defined for temperate regions. However, to date no models capable of capturing the diverse seasonal pattern in tropical and subtropical climates exist. In addition, multiple influenza viruses could cocirculate and shape epidemic dynamics. Here we construct seven mechanistic epidemic models to test the effect of two major climate drivers (humidity and temperature) and multi-strain co-circulation on influenza transmission in Hong Kong, an influenza epidemic center located in the subtropics. Based on model fit to long-term influenza surveillance data from 1998 to 2018, we found that a simple model incorporating the effect of both humidity and temperature best recreated the influenza epidemic patterns observed in Hong Kong. The model quantifies a bimodal effect of absolute humidity on influenza transmission where both low and very high humidity levels facilitate transmission quadratically; the model also quantifies the monotonic but nonlinear relationship with temperature. In addition, model results suggest that, at the population level, a shorter immunity period can approximate the co-circulation of influenza virus (sub)types. The basic reproductive number R₀ estimated by the best-fit model is also consistent with laboratory influenza survival and transmission studies under various combinations of humidity and temperature levels. Overall, our study has developed a simple mechanistic model capable of quantifying the impact of climate drivers on influenza transmission in (sub)tropical regions. This model can be applied to improve influenza forecasting in the (sub)tropics in the future.